Bacteriophages are no longer forgotten viruses: scientists and practitioners seek to understand the pharmacokinetics of phages in animals and humans and to investigate bacteriophages as therapeutics, nanotransporters, or microbiome components. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the factors that determine phage circulation, penetration, and clearance, and that determine phage applicability for medicine. It uses experimental data collected by the phage community to date (PubMed 1924-2016, including non-English reports) and combines elements of a critical and systematic review. <\/p>\n
This study addresses the ability of phages to penetrate a system via different routes of administration, how (and whether) phages can access different tissues and organs, and which mechanisms ultimately determine the course of phage clearance. The systematic review method was applied to <\/p>\n
(i) analyze phage survival in the intestine (intestinal transit) and<\/p>\n
(ii) analyze the ability of phages to penetrate the mammalian system via multiple routes of administration.<\/p>\n
Aspects not yet covered by a sufficient number of reports for mathematical analysis, as well as mechanisms underlying the trends, are discussed in the form of a critical review.<\/p>\n
Despite the extraordinary diversity of bacteriophages and possible phage applications, the analysis showed that phage morphology, phage specificity, phage dose, presence of susceptible bacteria, or the characteristics of treated individuals (age, taxonomy) can influence the bioavailability of phages in animals and humans. Once phages successfully penetrate the body, they reach most organs, including the central nervous system. Bacteriophages are primarily removed by the immune system: innate immunity removes phages even when no specific response to bacteriophages has yet developed. <\/p>\n
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\nhttps:\/\/translate.google.com\/translate?hl=de&sl=en&tl=de&u=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1002%2Fmed.21572<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bacteriophages are no longer forgotten viruses: scientists and practitioners seek to understand the pharmacokinetics of phages in animals and humans and to investigate bacteriophages as therapeutics, nanotransporters, or microbiome components. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the factors that determine phage circulation, penetration, and clearance, and that determine phage applicability for medicine. It uses […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8043,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[253],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8041","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bacteriophages"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.phage.help\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bacteria-108896_960_720.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.phage.help\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8041","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.phage.help\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.phage.help\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.phage.help\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.phage.help\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8041"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.phage.help\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8041\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.phage.help\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8043"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.phage.help\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8041"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.phage.help\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8041"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.phage.help\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8041"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}